Method for converting thermal energy into useful work

ABSTRACT

A method for providing the interaction of the working medium with the heat energy source and also the interaction of the working medium with the additional low-temperature energy source, wherein the positron state of the Dirac&#39;s matter is used as said additional low-temperature energy source, and the interaction of the working medium with the additional low-temperature energy source is performed by bringing the working medium into the quantum-mechanical resonance with said state of matter. That is, in order to convert the heat energy into useful work, the capabilities of the quantum-mechanical resonances of the system &#39;working medium-additional low-temperature energy source&#39; are used, i.e. in this case capabilities of the system &#39;working medium-positron state of the Dirac&#39;s matter&#39; are used.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to heat power engineering, in particular, to themethods that use working medium for producing useful work from the heatof an external source.

BACKGROUND

A method for converting heat of an external source into mechanical workis known from the prior art (RU, 2078253, IPC6 F 03 G 7/06, 20.04.97),said method allows raising the efficiency of a thermal generating set toa value close to 1, i.e. to the full conversion of heat into mechanicalwork.

A method realized in the compressor free cycle of the closed gas turbinepower plant is known (Leontiev A. I., Shmidt K. L. “Compressor FreeCycle in the Closed Gas Turbine Power Plant//Izvestia RAN. PowerEngineering.—1997—No. 3—pp. 132-141), said method is as efficient as theCarnot cycle, in which the additional low-temperature power source(refrigerator) is used. When this method is realized a significant partof the input heat energy is lost in the refrigerator, especially whenexternal heat sources with sufficiently high temperature are used.

A method is known (RU, 2162161, IPC7 F 03 G 7/06, 20.01.2001), upon therealization of which the highest efficiency of the thermal generatingset is achieved by complete conversion of the working medium heatreceived from the external source into mechanical work. This methodcomprises the interaction of the working medium with a heat energysource, in particular, heat energy from the external power is conferredto a working medium flow, said flow is expanded by mechanical work, andthe power interchange with an additional low-temperature heat energysource is performed, for which a part of the general flow of the workingmedium with elevated density is used.

Essentially this method realizes the process of energy transmissioninside the system ‘working medium—additional low-temperature energysource’. The method allows obtaining the efficiency of thermo-mechanicaltransformations close to 1 and using low-temperature heat energysources. However, this is possible only due to the use of a specialfairly complex system of regenerating heat energy of the working mediumexpanded after performing a mechanical work.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to one embodiment of the disclosed invention, the inventionprovides a method for converting heat energy into useful work having theefficiency almost on the theoretical level, in which the processes thatarise under certain conditions in the working medium on the quantumlevel are used for creating the additional low-temperature energysource. The method is also directed to expanding the range of types ofuseful work obtained using the method.

The method provides the interaction of the working medium with the heatenergy source and also the interaction of the working medium with theadditional low-temperature energy source, wherein the positron state ofthe Dirac's matter is used as said additional low-temperature energysource, and the interaction of the working medium with the additionallow-temperature energy source is performed by bringing the workingmedium into the quantum-mechanical resonance with said state of matter.That is, in order to convert the heat energy into useful work, thecapabilities of the quantum-mechanical resonances of the system ‘workingmedium—additional low-temperature energy source’ are used, i.e. in thiscase capabilities of the system ‘working medium—positron state of theDirac's matter’ are used.

The teaching of the physical essence of positron state of the Dirac'smatter, which was disclosed in details in the document ‘The Principlesof Quantum Mechanics’ by P. A. M. Dirac. SECOND EDITION. OXFORD. 1935,allows making a conclusion that the temperature of this state of matteris close to −273° C. This very known property of the matter offers toconsider it to be close to the ideal low-temperature energy source.Thus, when the working medium is brought into quantum-magnetic resonancewith the positron state of the Dirac's matter, a transmission of energyfrom the working medium to the low-temperature source occurs therebyproducing useful work.

In particular, as an initiating exposure for the purpose of bringingsaid system into quantum-mechanics resonance, the density of energy perunit of the working medium volume as well as the required density of theenergy impulse or the moment thereof are provided, and the substance isused as the working medium, said substance is being in any state ofaggregation, including a solid body, liquid, gas, plasma or acombination thereof. Hereafter in the description the term ‘substance’will be used interchangeably with the term ‘working medium’. Conferringto the substance said exposures for creating the resonance, causespolarization processes in the positron state of the Dirac's mattersimilarly to the conditions of the electron-positron couple generationin the micro-volume for a single couple as described in A. I. Ahiezer,V. V. Berestetsky “Quantum Electrodynamics”, Nauka—Moscow, 1969. Asfollows from the aforementioned sources, the process of polarization inthe positron state of the Dirac's matter is accompanied by excitation ofparticles and antiparticles.

The conditions for creating resonance with the positron state of theDirac's matter are based either on the energy and impulse or angularimpulse conservation law, and are determined by the followingcorrelations.

The energy density in the substance portion subjected to the exposurere-calculated on a per particle base is equal to:E _(Π)=2mc ²[1+m/M]  (1)

wherein

m is the electron mass,

c is the light speed,

M is the substance molecule mass.

Subject to the proviso that (1) E_(Π)≈1.02×10⁶ eV, two energy quantumsunder E_(K)≈0.51×10⁶ eV are absorbed by two oppositely directed impulsesp (arrow).|p(arrow)|=E _(Π) /C  (2)

It is also possible that some collective polarization modes of thepositron state of the Dirac's matter are excited at lower energydensities under the following formula:e ² /hc×mc ²≈3.73×10³ eV  (3),whereine ² /hc= 1/137−the fine structure constant.

As such the electron-positron couple does not arise, but the resonanceabsorption of energy occurs, the energy is transited from the substanceto the positron state of the Dirac's matter.

In the instances when the substance energy density is insufficient toexcite antiparticles (positron, anti-neutron, anti-meson) the energy maybe absorbed through collective fluctuations of the polarizability of thepositron state of the Dirac's matter. This process leads to the energytransfer from the substance with the temperature t₂≧25° C. to thepositron state of the Dirac's matter that has a temperature close to theabsolute zero of temperature scale, i.e. −273.16° C.<t₁<−270.76° C. Atthat the t₁ temperature almost does not increase because of thepractically unlimited thermal capacity of the positron state.

Generating electron-positron couples in the quantum-mechanics resonancecauses the development of the following process. The antiparticlepositron interacts with the substance emitting energy in the form of theheat, which causes a raise of temperature t₂, and also separation ofelectric charges and generation of electromotive force (emf). Thus, theamount of heat energy to be converted into useful work increasessignificantly. Besides, the opportunity arises to vary the resultobtained (the type of useful work). For instance it is possible to getmore heat and less emf and to create efficient heaters. It is possibleto convert most of the useful work into emf and to create efficientelectrical power generators. When most heat energy is converted into thechange of the gravitational field, a Searl Effect Generator (SEG) can beprovided.

The disclosed method can be realized when the substance is used, saidsubstance being in any of the aggregation states, including a solidbody, liquid, gas, plasma or any combination thereof.

The work of the heat engine that realizes the claimed method, i.e.introducing into the system ‘substance-positron state of the Dirac'smatter’ the quantum-magnetic resonance, can be exposed by changing theexternal thermodynamic freedoms of said system the substance through,such as the temperature, pressure, chemical formulation, or by changingexternal fields (electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, spinor) dependingon the state of aggregation of the substance, which is under the impact.

A liquid substance having the temperature of t₂=25° C. (ambienttemperature) can be considered by the way of example. A flow of liquidis provided using any known methods, e.g. those described in theprototype, wherein a part of said flow reaches the flow speed conformingto the conditions (1) or (3), that leads to direct interaction with thepositron state of the Dirac's matter with t₁<−270.76° C. The transitionof heat from the substance to the positron state allows obtaining usefulwork with the efficiency equal to:Efficiency=(t ₂ −t ₁)/t ₂=((t ₂+273.16° C.)−(t ₁+273.16° C.))/(t₂+273.16° C.)=0.992  (4)

This is the first cycle of the heat engine work. The second cycle liesin the appearance of the positron from the positron state of the Dirac'smatter and the interaction thereof with the substance (annihilation)with emission of additional energy in the form of the heat, whichchanges the reserve of the substance heat energy. This, in turn, allowsdecreasing the consumption of the heat energy of the external source,thus getting not only the maximal efficiency, but also raising theefficiency of the heat engine, i.e. increasing the heat portion used forproducing useful work. Besides, depending on the conditions thatdetermine which part of the atom or the molecule interacts with thepositron, one can obtain an excessive charge, if the positronannihilates e.g. with the neutron in the heavy water, in which case theexcessive charge that is collected as useful work appears together withexcessive heat obtained in the second cycle of the heat engine.

The heat engine is considered by the way of a second example, wherein arotating solid body is used as the substance. On the outer part of therotating solid body when it reaches an appropriate angular velocity ωthe conditions are created that conform to correlations (1) or (3).These conditions are easier to obtain on the outer part of the body asthe linear velocity ν equals:ν=Rω  (5),

wherein R is the distance from the rotation centre to the point where vis reached.

In this case the M (mass) of the formula (1) is being the solid bodysubstance molecule, and the law of the conservation of impulse isreplaced by the law of conservation of the moment of impulse. Thishappens due to that under the quantum mechanics laws a definite value isassigned either to the particle impulse or to the moment of the particleimpulse, but not to both quantities at the same time. In the secondcycle of this heat engine, the positron can annihilate with thesubstance not only releasing a charge but also imparting an additionalmoment of impulse on the substance. This process also raises theefficiency of the heat engine that produces additional mechanical workand an excessive charge.

So, it should be obvious from the provided examples that depending onthe state of aggregation and the chemical formulation of the substanceit is possible either to obtain useful work while simultaneously coolingthe environment where the main resonance occurs under formula (3) or todecrease the amount of substance by annihilation thereof but withoutcooling the environment, or to combine these results.

It was disclosed earlier (Umarov G. R., Firsanov F. F., Vinogradov V. A.‘Solving the Problem of Many Bodies and the Mechanism of Solid BodyMelting’ in “Melts” issued by AN USSR, 1990, No. 3, pp. 25-31; andUmarov G. R. et al. “Mechanisms of First Type Phase Changes in Metalsand Semiconductors under the Influence of High Pressure andElectrostatic Field” in “High Pressure Physics and Engineering, 1990,No. 33, pp. 10-44) that the fluctuations of the positron state of thesubstance per se cannot lead to spontaneous appearance of positrons asthe appropriate phase change conditions were not created, i.e. theappearance of positrons under the considered conditions leads to theabsolute thermodynamic instability of the positrons regarding saidchange. In the heat engine according to the claimed method, theconditions are provided when the positron does not pass back as the lineof absolute instability is overcome. Thereby an opportunity arises forannihilation of the positron with the substance atomic nuclei withsimultaneous emission of long-wave photons, i.e. the substance receivesadditional heat and, consequently, the engine efficiency arises.

Thus, the disclosed method allows converting the heat energy into usefulwork with the efficiency close to the theoretical one using in-depthprocesses in the working medium without using complex technical systemsfor energy regeneration, and also expanding the range of useful workobtained when the method is realized.

The following further effects may occur:

-   -   transmutation of the substance nuclei,    -   possibility of transmitting the energy to specified distances.

The disclosed method can be used in the industry that requiressignificant amounts of electrical energy, e.g. in non-ferrous metalindustry where 80% of the product cost is the cost of the powerconsumption with simultaneous cooling of hot shops of hazardousproduction facilities. The method can also be used to create a highlyefficient energy source in the transport sector and a number of otherindustries that were mentioned above.

1. A method for converting heat energy into useful work comprising theinteraction of the working medium with an energy source, and also theinteraction of the working medium with the additional low-temperatureenergy source, characterized in that the positron state of the Dirac'smatter is used as said additional low-temperature energy source, and theinteraction of the working medium with the additional low-temperatureenergy source is performed by bringing the working medium into thequantum-mechanical resonance with said state of matter.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein as an initiating exposure for the purpose of bringinginto quantum-mechanics resonance, the density of energy in the workingmedium and the density of the energy impulse or the moment thereof areprovided.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, substance is used as theworking medium, said substance is being in any state of aggregation,including a solid body, liquid, gas, plasma or a combination thereof.